英語で科学を意味する science という語は、14世紀以来の中英語において「知っている状態(the state of knowing)」という意味で使用されてきた。これはアングロ=ノルマン語から接尾辞 -cience として借用されたものであり、さらにさかのぼると知識・認識・理解などを意味するラテン語の名詞 scientia に由来する。この scientia という語は、「知っている」という意味のラテン語の分詞 sciens から派生した名詞であり、「知る」という意味のラテン語の動詞 sciō(現在分詞形は scīre)に由来する[55]。
過去には、science はその語源に即して knowledge や study の同義語として使われていた。また、科学研究を行う人は「natural philosopher(自然哲学者)」や「man of sciecne(科学の人)」と呼ばれていた[57]。1834年、ウィリアム・ヒューウェルは、メアリー・サマヴィルの著書『物理科学の諸関係(英語版)』の書評において、「才気ある紳士(おそらく彼自身)」を指して[58]「scientist(科学者)」という語を初めて用いた[59]。
^ abHeilbron, J. L. (2003). “Preface”. The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. vii–x.
ISBN978-0-19-511229-0. "...modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions."
^ abcdeColander, David C.; Hunt, Elgin F. (2019). “Social science and its methods”. Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society (17th ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 1–22
^ ab
Nisbet, Robert A.; Greenfeld, Liah (16 October 2020). “Social Science”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2022年2月2日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ. 2021年5月9日閲覧.
^ abFetzer, James H. (2013). “Computer reliability and public policy: Limits of knowledge of computer-based systems”. Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines. Newcastle, United Kingdom: Kluwer. pp. 271–308.
ISBN978-1-4438-1946-6
^Nickles, Thomas (2013). “The Problem of Demarcation”. Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. The University of Chicago Press. p. 104
^Lindberg, David C. (2007). “Islamic science”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 163–192.
ISBN978-0-226-48205-7
^ abcdefghijLindberg, David C. (2007). The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
ISBN978-0226482057
^Lindberg, David C. (2007). “Islamic science”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 163–192.
ISBN978-0-226-48205-7
^Lindberg, David C. (2007). “The revival of learning in the West”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 193–224.
ISBN978-0-226-48205-7
^Lindberg, David C. (2007). “The recovery and assimilation of Greek and Islamic science”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 225–253.
ISBN978-0-226-48205-7
^Sease, Virginia; Schmidt-Brabant, Manfrid. Thinkers, Saints, Heretics: Spiritual Paths of the Middle Ages. 2007. Pages 80–81. Retrieved 2023-10-06
^Lindberg, David C. (2007). “The legacy of ancient and medieval science”. The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 357–368.
ISBN978-0-226-48205-7
^Principe, Lawrence M. (2011). “Introduction”. Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3.
ISBN978-0-19-956741-6
^Harrison, Peter (2015). The Territories of Science and Religion. University of Chicago Press. pp. 164–165.
ISBN978-0-226-18451-7. "The changing character of those engaged in scientific endeavors was matched by a new nomenclature for their endeavors. The most conspicuous marker of this change was the replacement of "natural philosophy" by "natural science". In 1800 few had spoken of the "natural sciences" but by 1880 this expression had overtaken the traditional label "natural philosophy". The persistence of "natural philosophy" in the twentieth century is owing largely to historical references to a past practice (see figure 11). As should now be apparent, this was not simply the substitution of one term by another, but involved the jettisoning of a range of personal qualities relating to the conduct of philosophy and the living of the philosophical life."
^Cahan, David, ed (2003). From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science. University of Chicago Press.
ISBN978-0-226-08928-7
^Lightman, Bernard (2011). “13. Science and the Public”. In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter. Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science. University of Chicago Press. p. 367.
ISBN978-0-226-31783-0
^Cahan, David (2003). From natural philosophy to the sciences: writing the history of nineteenth-century science. University of Chicago Press. pp. 3–15.
ISBN0-226-08927-4
^Carruthers, Peter (2002-05-02), Carruthers, Peter; Stich, Stephen; Siegal, Michael, eds., “The roots of scientific reasoning: infancy, modularity and the art of tracking”, The Cognitive Basis of Science (Cambridge University Press): pp. 73–96, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613517.005,
ISBN978-0-521-81229-0
^Lombard, Marlize; Gärdenfors, Peter (2017). “Tracking the Evolution of Causal Cognition in Humans”. Journal of Anthropological Sciences95 (95): 219–234. doi:10.4436/JASS.95006.
ISSN1827-4765.
PMID28489015.
^Graeber, David; Wengrow, David (2021). The Dawn of Everything. p. 248
^Budd, Paul; Taylor, Timothy (1995). “The Faerie Smith Meets the Bronze Industry: Magic Versus Science in the Interpretation of Prehistoric Metal-Making”. World Archaeology27 (1): 133–143. doi:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980297. JSTOR124782.
^Tuomela, Raimo (1987). “Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience”. Rational Changes in Science. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 98. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 83–101. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4.
ISBN978-94-010-8181-8
^Smith, Pamela H. (2009). “Science on the Move: Recent Trends in the History of Early Modern Science”. Renaissance Quarterly62 (2): 345–375. doi:10.1086/599864.
PMID19750597.
^
Scott, Colin (2011). “Science for the West, Myth for the Rest?”. In Harding, Sandra (ed.). The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 175. ISBN978-0-8223-4936-5. JSTORj.ctv11g96cc.16.
^Dear, Peter (2012). “Historiography of Not-So-Recent Science”. History of Science50 (2): 197–211. doi:10.1177/007327531205000203.
^Rochberg, Francesca (2011). “Ch.1 Natural Knowledge in Ancient Mesopotamia”. In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter. Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science. University of Chicago Press. p. 9.
ISBN978-0-226-31783-0
^Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 127.
ISBN978-0313324338
^Biggs, R. D. (2005). “Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health in Ancient Mesopotamia”. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies19 (1): 7–18.
^Lehoux, Daryn (2011). “2. Natural Knowledge in the Classical World”. In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter. Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science. University of Chicago Press. p. 39.
ISBN978-0-226-31783-0
^An account of the pre-Socratic use of the concept of φύσις may be found in Naddaf, Gerard (2006). The Greek Concept of Nature. SUNY Press, and in Ducarme, Frédéric; Couvet, Denis (2020). “What does 'nature' mean?”. Palgrave Communications (Springer Nature) 6 (14). doi:10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y. オリジナルの2023-08-16時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20230816053756/https://hal.science/hal-02554932/file/s41599-020-0390-y.pdf2023年8月16日閲覧。. The word φύσις, while first used in connection with a plant in Homer, occurs early in Greek philosophy, and in several senses. Generally, these senses match rather well the current senses in which the English word nature is used, as confirmed by Guthrie, W. K. C.. Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritusnone (volume 2 of his History of Greek Philosophy), Cambridge University Press, 1965.
^Graßhoff, Gerd (1990). The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue. Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. 14. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4468-4.
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^Conner, Clifford D. (2005). A People's History of Science: Miners, Midwives, and "Low Mechanicks". New York: Nation Books. pp. 72–74.
ISBN1-56025-748-2
^
Wildberg, Christian (1 May 2018). “Philoponus”. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2019年8月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ. 2018年5月1日閲覧.
^
Falcon, Andrea (2019). “Aristotle on Causality”. In Zalta, Edward (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2020年10月9日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ. 2020年10月3日閲覧.
^ abSmith, A. Mark (2001). Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāẓir, 2 vols. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 91. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
ISBN978-0-87169-914-5
^Toomer, G. J. (1964). “Reviewed work: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik, Matthias Schramm”. Isis55 (4): 463–465. doi:10.1086/349914. JSTOR228328. See p. 464: "Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.", p. 465: "Schramm has demonstrated .. beyond any dispute that Ibn al-Haytham is a major figure in the Islamic scientific tradition, particularly in the creation of experimental techniques." p. 465: "only when the influence of Ibn al-Haytham and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that Ibn al-Haytham was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated."
^Cohen, H. Floris (2010). “Greek nature knowledge transplanted: The Islamic world”. How modern science came into the world. Four civilizations, one 17th-century breakthrough (2nd ed.). Amsterdam University Press. pp. 99–156.
ISBN978-90-8964-239-4
^Russell, Josiah C. (1959). “Gratian, Irnerius, and the Early Schools of Bologna”. The Mississippi Quarterly12 (4): 168–188. JSTOR26473232. "Perhaps even as early as 1088 (the date officially set for the founding of the University)"
^Cohen, H. Floris (2010). “Greek nature knowledge transplanted and more: Renaissance Europe”. How modern science came into the world. Four civilizations, one 17th-century breakthrough (2nd ed.). Amsterdam University Press. pp. 99–156.
ISBN978-90-8964-239-4
^Zagorin, Perez (1998). Francis Bacon. Princeton University Press. p. 84.
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^Davis, Philip J.; Hersh, Reuben (1986). Descartes' Dream: The World According to Mathematics. Cambridge, MA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
^Gribbin, John (2002). Science: A History 1543–2001. Allen Lane. p. 241.
ISBN978-0-7139-9503-9. "Although it was just one of the many factors in the Enlightenment, the success of Newtonian physics in providing a mathematical description of an ordered world clearly played a big part in the flowering of this movement in the eighteenth century"
^Swingewood, Alan (1970). “Origins of Sociology: The Case of the Scottish Enlightenment”. The British Journal of Sociology21 (2): 164–180. JSTOR588406.
^Lightman, Bernard (2011). “13. Science and the Public”. In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter. Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science. University of Chicago Press. p. 367.
ISBN978-0-226-31783-0
^Leahey, Thomas Hardy (2018). “The psychology of consciousness”. A History of Psychology: From Antiquity to Modernity (8th ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 219–253.
ISBN978-1-138-65242-2
^Rocke, Alan J. (2005). “In Search of El Dorado: John Dalton and the Origins of the Atomic Theory”. Social Research72 (1): 125–158. doi:10.1353/sor.2005.0003. JSTOR40972005.
^Mould, Richard F. (1995). A century of X-rays and radioactivity in medicine: with emphasis on photographic records of the early years (Reprint. with minor corr ed.). Bristol: Inst. of Physics Publ.. p. 12.
ISBN978-0-7503-0224-1
^Estreicher, Tadeusz (1938). “Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich” (ポーランド語). Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 4. p. 113
^Furner, Jonathan (2003-06-01). “Little Book, Big Book: Before and After Little Science, Big Science: A Review Article, Part I”. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science35 (2): 115–125. doi:10.1177/0961000603352006.
^Futuyma, Douglas J.; Kirkpatrick, Mark (2017). “Chapter 1: Evolutionary Biology”. Evolution (4th ed.). Sinauer. pp. 3–26.
ISBN978-1605356051
^Miller, Arthur I. (1981). Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911). Reading: Addison–Wesley.
ISBN978-0-201-04679-3
^Rashid, S. Tamir; Alexander, Graeme J. M. (2013年3月). “Induced pluripotent stem cells: from Nobel Prizes to clinical applications”. Journal of Hepatology58 (3): 625–629. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.10.026.
ISSN1600-0641.
PMID23131523.
^Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Addesso, P. et al. (2017). “Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger”. The Astrophysical Journal848 (2): L12. arXiv:1710.05833. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...848L..12A. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9.
^Cho, Adrian (2017). “Merging neutron stars generate gravitational waves and a celestial light show”. Science. doi:10.1126/science.aar2149.
^Oglivie, Brian W. (2008). “Introduction”. The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe (Paperback ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–24.
ISBN978-0-226-62088-6
^“Formal Sciences: Washington and Lee University”. Washington and Lee University. 2021年5月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2021年5月14日閲覧。 “A "formal science" is an area of study that uses formal systems to generate knowledge such as in Mathematics and Computer Science. Formal sciences are important subjects because all of quantitative science depends on them.”
^Tomalin, Marcus (2006). Linguistics and the Formal Sciences
^Löwe, Benedikt (2002). “The Formal Sciences: Their Scope, Their Foundations, and Their Unity”. Synthese133 (1/2): 5–11. doi:10.1023/a:1020887832028.
^Bill, Thompson (2007). “2.4 Formal Science and Applied Mathematics”. The Nature of Statistical Evidence. Lecture Notes in Statistics. 189. Springer. p. 15
^Bunge, Mario (1998). “The Scientific Approach”. Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory. 1 (revised ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 3–50.
ISBN978-0-7658-0413-6
^Mujumdar, Anshu Gupta; Singh, Tejinder (2016). “Cognitive science and the connection between physics and mathematics”. Trick or Truth?: The Mysterious Connection Between Physics and Mathematics. The Frontiers Collection. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 201–218.
ISBN978-3-319-27494-2
^Nissani, M. (1995). “Fruits, Salads, and Smoothies: A Working definition of Interdisciplinarity”. The Journal of Educational Thought29 (2): 121–128. JSTOR23767672.
^ abdi Francia, Giuliano Toraldo (1976). “The method of physics”. The Investigation of the Physical World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–52.
ISBN978-0-521-29925-1. "The amazing point is that for the first time since the discovery of mathematics, a method has been introduced, the results of which have an intersubjective value!"
^Aldrich, John (1995). “Correlations Genuine and Spurious in Pearson and Yule”. Statistical Science10 (4): 364–376. doi:10.1214/ss/1177009870. JSTOR2246135.
^Nola, Robert; Irzik, Gürol (2005). Philosophy, science, education and culture. Science & technology education library. 28. Springer. pp. 207–230.
ISBN978-1-4020-3769-6
^Bulger, Ruth Ellen; Heitman, Elizabeth; Reiser, Stanley Joel (2002). The Ethical Dimensions of the Biological and Health Sciences (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-0-521-00886-0
^Pashler, Harold; Wagenmakers, Eric Jan (2012). “Editors' Introduction to the Special Section on Replicability in Psychological Science: A Crisis of Confidence?”. Perspectives on Psychological Science7 (6): 528–530. doi:10.1177/1745691612465253.
PMID26168108.
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Hansson, Sven Ove (3 September 2008). “Science and Pseudoscience”. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Section 2: The "science" of pseudoscience. 2021年10月29日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ. 2022年5月28日閲覧.
^Feynman, Richard (1974年). “Cargo Cult Science”. Center for Theoretical Neuroscience. Columbia University. 2005年3月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年11月4日閲覧。
^Novella, Steven (2018). The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 162.
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^“Eusocial climbers”. E. O. Wilson Foundation. 2019年4月27日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年9月3日閲覧。 “But he's not a scientist, he's never done scientific research. My definition of a scientist is that you can complete the following sentence: 'he or she has shown that...'," Wilson says.”
^“Our definition of a scientist”. Science Council. 2019年8月23日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年9月7日閲覧。 “A scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, making a hypothesis and testing it, to gain and share understanding and knowledge.”
^Whaley, Leigh Ann (2003). Women's History as Scientists. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO
^Spanier, Bonnie (1995). “From Molecules to Brains, Normal Science Supports Sexist Beliefs about Difference”. Im/partial Science: Gender Identity in Molecular Biology. Indiana University Press.
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Votsis, I. (2004). The Epistemological Status of Scientific Theories: An Investigation of the Structural Realist Account (PhD thesis). University of London, London School of Economics. p. 39.
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^Brugger, E. Christian (2004). “Casebeer, William D. Natural Ethical Facts: Evolution, Connectionism, and Moral Cognition”. The Review of Metaphysics58 (2).
^Kevles, Daniel (1977). “The National Science Foundation and the Debate over Postwar Research Policy, 1942–1945”. Isis68 (241): 4–26. doi:10.1086/351711.
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^Gauchat, Gordon William (2008). “A Test of Three Theories of Anti-Science Attitudes”. Sociological Focus41 (4): 337–357. doi:10.1080/00380237.2008.10571338.
^McRaney, David (2022). How Minds Change: The Surprising Science of Belief, Opinion, and Persuasion. New York: Portfolio/Penguin.
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Goodman, Nicolas D. (1990). “Mathematics as natural science”. The Journal of Symbolic Logic (Association for Symbolic Logic) 55 (1): 182–193. doi:10.2307/2274961. "Mathematics is a natural science whose great generality makes many philosophers think of it as a supernatural science"
Kibler, Maurice R. (2018-11-22). “Quantum Information: A Brief Overview and Some Mathematical Aspects”. Mathematics (MDPI) 6 (12): 273(1) - 273(40). doi:10.3390/math6120273.
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Lutz, Eric; Ciliberto, Sergio (2015-09-01). “Information: From Maxwell's demon to Landauer's eraser”. Physics Today68 (9): 30-35. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2912.
科学技術社会論(かがくぎじゅつしゃかいろん、英語: Science, technology and society、STS)は科学的、政治的、経済的、文化的な価値がどのように科学の研究と技術革新に影響するのか、そしてこうしたことがらがどのようにして社会、政治、経済、文化のほうにも影響しているのかを探究する研究分野である[1]。
この分野にはいくつか専門家団体がある。1975年にできた科学社会論学会はもともとは研究者に雑誌(Science, Technology & Human Values)や年次大会などのコミュニケーション上の便宜を提供するものであった。主に科学論の研究者が出席していたが、この協会はそれ以来、世界中の科学技術論研究者にとって最も重要な専門家団体に成長した。科学社会論学会の構成員には、研究開発や科学技術政策に関心のある政府や産業界で働く人々、職業的実践がどう社会に根ざしているのかをもっとよく理解したいと考える科学者やエンジニア、くらしに対する科学技術の影響に興味のある市民もいる。団体の名称に「技術」という単語を加えてSTSの主要専門家団体としての立場を反映させようという動議が出たが、このままですら名前が長すぎるという意見も広くあるようである。
日本でも2001年、科学技術社会論学会(Japanese Society for Science and Technology Studies)、略称STS学会が発足している。学会誌は、『科学技術社会論研究』。
1958年に作られた技術史学会は初めは技術の文脈に基づく歴史に関心を抱いていた歴史の専門家を惹きつけていた。1980年代半ばの「技術指向」の後は、この学会が発行する評価の高い学術誌(Technology and Culture)と年次大会が技術研究に興味のある歴史家以外の人々からも多大な関心を寄せらるようになった。
Bauchspies, Wenda, Jennifer Croissant, and Sal Restivo (2005). Science, Technology, and Society: A Sociological Approach (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005).
Bijker, Wiebe, Hughes, Thomas & Pinch, Trevor (eds.) (1987) The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology Cambridge MA/London: MIT Press.
Cowan, Ruth Schwartz (1983). More Work For Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology From the Open Hearth to the Microwave. New York, NY: Basic Books
Ewen, Stuart (2008). Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press
Foucault, Michel (1977). Discipline & Punish. New York, NY: Vintage Books
Fuller, Steve (1993). Philosophy, rhetoric, and the end of knowledge: The coming of science and technology studies. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press (2nd edition, with James H. Collier, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004)
Hughes, Thomas (1989). American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870 – 1970. New York, NY: Viking
Jasanoff, S., Markle, G., Petersen, J. and Pinch, T., eds (1994) Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kuhn, Thomas (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Latour, Bruno (1987). Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Latour, Bruno and Steve Woolgar (1986) [1979]. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
MacKenzie, Donald & Wajcman, Judy (eds.) (1999) The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got Its Hum, Milton Keynes, Open University Press.
MacKenzie, D. (1996) Knowing Machines: Essays on Technical Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Restivo, Sal (editor-in-chief), Science, Technology, and Society: An Encyclopedia. New York: Oxford, 2005.
Restivo, Sal (1992), Mathematics in Society and History. New York: Springer.
Rip, Arie, Thomas J. Misa and Johan Schot (eds.) (1995) Managing Technology in Society: The approach of Constructive Technology Assessment London/NY: Pinter.
Rosenberg, Nathan (1994) Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics and History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Volti, Rudi (2001). Society and technological change. New York: Worth