ルテニウムには主に2つの同素体があり(α、β)、結晶構造はそれぞれ六方最密、正方晶系。更にこの2つのほかに、面心立方格子構造の特殊なルテニウムの同素体がある。これは、ルテニウム溶液中でルテニウムを還元し、ナノ粒子を作成するボトムアップ法によって作られたものである。周囲の条件で変色しない。800 °C (1,070 K)に加熱すると酸化する。溶融アルカリに溶けてルテニウム酸塩(RuO2− 4)を生じ、酸(王水でも)に攻撃されないが、高温でハロゲンに攻撃される[4]。実際、ルテニウムは酸化剤により最も容易に攻撃される[5]。少量のルテニウムはプラチナとパラジウムの硬度を高めることができる。チタンの腐食耐性は少量のルテニウムを添加することにより著しく向上する[4]。電気めっきおよび熱分解によりめっきすることができる。ルテニウム-モリブデン合金は10.6K未満の温度で超伝導であることが知られている[4]。酸化数+8をとることができると推定される最後の4d遷移元素であり、それでも同族のオスミウムより不安定である。これは2行目と3行目の遷移金属が化学的振る舞いに顕著な違いを示す族で周期表の左から1番目のものである。鉄と同様であるがオスミウムとは異なり、+2と+3の低い酸化数で水カチオンを形成できる[6]。
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